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The ''Ingham'' Incident, or the ''Montezuma'' Affair, was a naval battle fought in 1835, the first between Mexico and the United States. The Mexican warship ''Montezuma'' patrolled the coast of Texas to prevent the smuggling of contraband into the territory. During the cruise, the Mexicans captured the American merchant ship ''Martha'' and later the Texan ship ''Columbia'' which led to a response by the Revenue Service cutter USRC ''Ingham''. A bloodless engagement was fought on June 14, and ended when the ''Montezuma'' was purposely run aground to prevent capture.〔http://www.aug.edu/~libwrw/Articles/EveryProtection.pdf〕 ==Background== The conflict began at Galveston on May 7 of 1835 before the outbreak of fighting between the Texans and the Mexicans. That day the Mexican Navy schooner ''Montezuma'', under the command of Lieutenant Juan Calvi, seized the American schooner ''Martha'' for "''customs violations''" and because the passengers were not carrying passports, they were arrested and put in the brig. Two of the passengers, Thomas J. and Francis S. Early, were the sons of the former Governor Peter Early of Georgia. The brothers recalled that on previous encounters in Mexico the authorities did not ask for passports so they assumed they didn't need one. Ten days later Calvi captured the Texan ship ''Columbia'' for similar infractions. Both incidents sparked anger in Texas and a debate on whether the seizures were legal. The smuggling of contraband into Texas had become a major concern to the Mexicans by 1835, according to author William R. Wells II, most American and Texan ships were involved in the illegal trade and openly defiant of the Mexican laws against such activities. Mill equipment owned by Robert Wilson was part of the cargo aboard the ''Martha'' when she was taken. Wells sent a message about the outrage to Lieutenant Colonel William B. Travis.〔 Travis responded with a letter dated July 7, informing Wilson that the revenue cutter USRC ''Ingham'' had been dispatched by Customs Agent James W. Breedlove, as she was the only armed American naval ship in the western Gulf of Mexico. The ''Ingham'' was cruising the Mississippi River south of New Orleans when her commander, Captain Ezekiel Jones, received orders to sail to Texas. Though the seizures of the two ships were deemed legal by the Texans and the Americans, a critical press, politics, and the "''unofficial urging''" of the use of force by President Andrew Jackson eventually resulted in the operation and a subsequent naval battle. Due to an incident at Havana, Cuba, sometime before, Agent Breedlove attempted to establish an American naval force in the western Gulf by claiming that a slave ship was sailing from Havana to Texas but his scheme was thwarted by Assistant Navy Secretary John Boyle. One vessel was dispatched, the USS ''St. Louis'', which sailed for Cuba where her commander discovered that the so-called slave ship was carrying free negroes to Brazoria.〔 Because Captain Jones lacked just cause, his official report states that he was sailing the ''Ingham'' on a twenty-five day cruise for an anti-slavery operation though his real intentions were to liberate the captured ships and the American citizens. Upon reaching the Sabine River, Jones patrolled the area for a few days for slavers before crossing into Mexican waters disguised as a merchantman. First the captain sailed past Galveston for Matagorda, Texas, but heavy seas prevented him from entering so Jones headed for the Brazos River, where on June 3 he was informed by a local pilot that "''several Acts of Piracy''" had been committed by the ''Montezuma'' and that there were no slave ships in the area. Captain Jones sent a landing party ashore to uncover the truth of these claims and he ordered that the three vessels in port be examined, none of which were found to be carrying slaves. Following that the Americans cruised back to Matagorda and crossed the bar on June 5; two more ships were boarded but they were found to be legal. At the same time a crewman from one of the merchant ships informed the Americans that a vessel with 100 slaves on board was expected to arrive at Matagorda shortly.〔 Jones dismissed this rumor and continued on to search the bay for the ''Montezuma'' which was suspected of being in the area. Another shore party was landed with the mission of investigating various rumors about the ''Martha'' affair and to recruit spies to report on the ''Montezuma''s presence. Ultimately USRC ''Ingham'' would sail the Texas coast for another two weeks without finding the Mexican schooner. Jones used the time to board suspected slavers and to drill his men for a possible encounter with the ''Montezuma''. Eventually Jones decided to head for Matamoros on June 12 "''with the avowed intention of seeking the Montezuma.''"〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Ingham incident」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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